Acute liver failure management guidelines: http://www.indianpediatrics.net/may2013/477.pdf
Review of Probiotics in children :http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212832813000398
Oesophageal Manometry in children - Interpretation and analysis
Dr Dinesh Banur,Consultant Paediatric Gastroenneterologist, Columbia Asia Hospital, Bangalore
Back ground
Successful swallowing requires orderly propulsion of food from the mouth to the stomach and, as
Meltzer noted century ago, it is dependent on the "orderly progress of peristaltic movements in the oesophagus"(1). Oesophageal manometry measures the rhythmic muscle contractions (peristalsis), coordination and force exerted by the muscles of the oesophagus
Clinical use of oesophageal manometry began way back in 1940s with rudimentary water-filled balloons and since it has evolved into a more complex array of catheters, transducers, data recorders/computers, and analysis software.
Indication of oesophageal manometry:
A primary indication for manometry is the evaluation of dysphagia not definitively diagnosed by means of endoscopy and/or radiology .Manometry may allow formal diagnosis of a primary oesophageal motility disorder in a patient with non-cardiac chest pain and/or dysphagia. (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16-23)
Oesophageal manometry is generally undertaken after more routine investigations for oesophageal structural disease (ie. endoscopy and/or contrast radiology). The procedure is reserved for situations where there is diagnostic doubt or where the identification of an oesophageal dysmotility disorder will alter clinical management. (24, 25, 26). Repeat manometry is not recommended as a routine part of the assessment of patient response to pharmacological treatment of non-specific dysmotility.
In patients being considered for anti-reflux surgery, the role for pre-operative manometry prior to fundoplication is controversial. There has been concern about a risk of obstructive complications following total fundoplication in patients with impaired oesophageal motor function. Some authorities have considered impaired peristaltic function to be a relative contra-indication to anti-reflux surgery. However, there are conflicting reports on the ability of pre-operative manometry to predict outcomes (18, 19, 27-31)
Manometric Instruments
With the advancement of science, manometers has evolved from conventional water perfusion system to solid manometers and more recently high resolution manometers (HRM)
Both conventional and HRM systems are available, with the main distinctions between the two being the number of pressure sensors, ease of performing and cost , and graphical representation and analysis.
Conventional manometry uses catheters with 4 to 8 pressure sensors.HRM catheters have multiple sensors ( micro transducers composed of either metal diaphragm strain gauges or piezoresistive silicon chips ) up to 36 distributed longitudinally and radially separated by short distance as small as one to two millimetres (3,4).. Catheters are available in a variety of configurations, with diameters ranging from 2.7 to 4.7 mm and the number of sensors ranging from 4 to 36 for different age groups and make.
Pressure sensing apparatus detects changes in luminal pressure and converts this to an electrical signal, and a recording device that amplifies and stores this information for subsequent analysis
This allows graphical or topographical analyses with generation of 2- and 3-dimensional contour plots based on simultaneous pressure readings taken at multiple sites
The techniques for data acquisition are similar, but HRM allows more versatility in data analysis (36). As such, HRM systems have been readily adopted and are now the predominant system.
Optimal recording of either pharyngeal or oesophageal motility requires an array of multiple recording points that span the whole region of interest in order to provide an integrated picture of motor function A sleeve sensor which has been designed can overcome difficulties with spinteric movement can effectively records both basal pressure and relaxation of upper and lower oesophagus Continuous recording of LES with HRM devices have advantage over traditional pull through technique, by providing continuous pressure readings which vary from minute to minute and they are more comfortable.
Manometric results are presented as hard copy readouts of thermal writing polygraphs and contains computer-generated reporting using analog to digital conversion and software analysis. One should not entirely relay on computerized analysis of pressure recordings analyzing the study on the basis of careful perusal of the actual recording. Procedure
Equipment should be checked and calibrated before commencing each study. Patients should fast for a minimum of four hours for solids and two hours for liquids prior to the procedure. A longer period of fasting may be appropriate for patients with evidence of fluid or food residues at endoscopy/radiology (eg. in achalasia) (5-12).
Medications known to affect oesophageal motor function should be avoided for 24 hours prior to the test where clinically appropriate (eg. Beta blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergic drugs, prokinetics, nicotine, caffeine, opiates) (5, 45). Any concurrent medication or local anaesthetic use should be documented.
A brief history and review of the patient’s case records should alert the technician to any contra-indications to performing oesophageal studies or to the existence of conditions that may hinder the performance or interpretation of the test (eg. large hiatus hernias, previous oesophageal surgery)(45).
After an informed written consent catheter may be placed via either the trans-nasal or trans-oral route. Once the catheter has been inserted, the patient should be placed in the recumbent position if a water perfused catheter is used and allowed a period of 5-10 minutes to accommodate to the catheter. Water-perfused systems exhibit an upward shift of pressure baseline when the subject moves into an upright position, such that studies are best performed supine. Although this shift in pressure doesn’t occur with solid state systems, many published values for either type of system are based on studies performed in the traditional supine position (45). Perfusion rates needs to be slower in infants and children in order to accommodate small size of oesophagus
At the beginning of the manometric assessment, one or more (preferably three) of the most distal recording sites should be in the stomach. This can be verified by asking the patient to take a deep breath. Intra-abdominal pressure readings go up with inspiration and down on expiration.
Peristalsis and LES relaxation are normally assessed in response to 5-mL water swallows .At least 10 swallows should be tested to provide an adequate sample (13). At least 20-30 seconds should be allowed between swallows as rapid repetitive swallowing inhibits peristalsis. (10,14). If the patient has dysphagia for solids , administration of viscous or solid boluses helps to uncover the motor disturbances .natural reflux swallow may be initiated in young infants and neurologically abnormal child by blowing air on the face (Santymer swallow) (42)
Most difficult technical aspect in children for manometry is cooperation .Co-operation can be improved by age appropriate relaxation technique (42). Older children should be talked about the procedure. Oesophageal manometry is best performed without sedation. But if sedation is required, it has shown to be minimal or no influence on measure measurement. (43, 44)
If peristalsis appears absent, the function of the sensors should be checked by asking the patient to cough. Available data suggest that water swallows provide a more consistent and vigorous peristaltic response than simple saliva swallows, so the latter are not recommended
Oesophageal manometry and ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring are associated with minor morbidity, largely vasovagal episodes, discomfort from the catheter and a runny nose, and restrictions affecting diet and activity tracheal intubation. Patients with a heart valve replacement or a previous episode of bacterial endocarditis should receive antibiotic prophylaxis
Contraindication for oesophageal manometry
Oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring should not be performed in cases of suspected or confirmed pharyngeal or upper oesophageal obstruction, in patients with severe coagulopathy (but not anticoagulation within the therapeutic range), bullous disorders of the oesophageal mucosa, and cardiac conditions in which vagal stimulation is poorly tolerated, or in individuals who are not able to comply with simple instructions.
Patients with peptic strictures, oesophageal ulcers, oesophageal or junctional tumours, varices or large diverticulae are at increased risk of complications from blind oesophageal intubation and such conditions are a relative contra-indication to performing manometry
Analysis
(i) Conventional manometry
The major elements of the analysis of oesophageal manometry include analysis of oesophageal motor functions, the integrity of oesophageal peristalsis and the degree of lower oesophageal relaxation. A structured and systematic assessment of these elements should lead to a manometric diagnosis. Specific behaviour like crying, coughing should be taken into consideration during interpretation
Conventionally keeping above parameters in mind, oesophageal motility disorders were classified as per table below (FOR COMPLETE TABLE EMAIL: PEDGIHEP@YAHOO.COM)**Aperistalsis in the oesophageal body defined where all wet swallows are followed by simultaneous identical contractions (isobaric or “mirror images”). Generally, these contractions are of low amplitude (10-40 mmHg) and may be repetitive
Aperistalsis may occur with normal or increased amplitude contractions in some patients, so-called “vigorous achalasiaLES pressure varies from 18 mm Hg in term infant to 10-40 mm Hg in adults
The clinical significance of non-specific motility disorders is therefore uncertain. Available data suggest that neither symptom severity nor clinical course correlate closely with non-specific manometric findings and these manometric abnormalities may be inconsistent over time
(ii) HRM manometry
Presentation of pressure data as colour contour plots or oesophageal pressure topography using HRM led to the development of new tools for analyzing and classifying oesophageal motor patterns. The current standard and still developing approach to do this is the Chicago classification.
Two strengths of HRM with pressure topography plots compared with conventional manometric recordings are (1) accurately delineating and tracking the movement of functionally defined contractile elements of the oesophagus and its sphincters, and (2) easily distinguishing between luminal pressurization attributable to spastic contractions and that resultant from a trapped bolus in a dysfunctional oesophagus.
One needs understand the various terminologies used in HRM analysis in order to interpret the findings (38, 39, 40, 41, fig 1) Oesophago gastric junction function during swallowing (abnormal resistance to bolus movements across EGJ) is determined by a measurement called integrated relaxation (residual) pressure (IRP).The upper limit of normal IRP is 15 mm Hg Contraction front velocity (CFV) and distal latency are tools used to evaluate propagation of oesophageal pressure waves. The normal CFV does not exceed 9 cm/sec. A short distal latency ( DL) indicates early arrival the oesophageal contraction in the distal oesophagus( eg oesophageal spasm). The lower limit of normal for DL is 4.5 seconds CDP is the time at which oesophageal peristalsis terminates, and the lower oesophageal sphincter descends to its resting position in association with emptying of the phrenic ampulla Distal contractile integral (DCI) is a measure of how robust peristalsis is in the smooth muscle oesophagus. Normal DCI <8000 mm Hg
Amplitude represented on the y-axis and time on the x-axis..Colours are assigned to depict High pressures represented by warmer colours (reds and yellows) and low pressures by cool colours (blues and greens)
Conclusions
For several decades oesophageal manometry continues to be the test of choice to evaluate disorders of oesophageal motor function. ,
HRM may be easier to perform and interpret than conventional manometry. The mean procedure time is decreased with HRM compared with conventional manometry ( 11) because of easier catheter positioning and no need for LES pull-through.. HRM has revealed previously unidentified patterns of normal and abnormal oesophageal motor function.
A meaningful summary should be provided from a manometry studies .There should be a manual review of any automated reports with the aim of providing a clinically interpretable result.
A manometric diagnosis should be given where possible, though it is important to emphasise that the final diagnostic formulation for an individual patient should be based on a careful consideration of clinical features, radiological and/or endoscopic findings in addition to the manometric information. Treatment decisions should not be based solely on manometric findings
Acknowledgement
1.Meltzer SJ. On the causes of the orderly progress of the peristaltic movements in the esopahgus. Am J Physiol 1899; 2: 266-272.
2.Bremner CG, DeMeester TR, Bremner RM, MasonJR (eds). Esophageal motility testing made easy. St.Louis, Missouri: Quality medical publishing, Inc, 2001
3. Pandolfino JE, Ghosh SK, Zhang Q, Jarosz A, Shah N, Kahrilas PJ. Quantifying EGJ morphology and relaxation with high-resolution manometry: a study of 75 asymptomatic volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290(5):G1033-40.
4 .Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE, Zhang Q, Jarosz A, Shah N, Kahrilas PJ. Quantifying esophageal peristalsis with high-resolution manometry: a study of 75 asymptomatic volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 May;290(5):G988-97.
5 .Murray JA, Clouse RE, Conklin JL. Components of the standard oesophageal manometry. Neurogastroenterol.Motil. 2003;15:591-606.
6. Castell DO, Dieterich L, Castell JA. Esophageal Motility Testing. Denver Colarado: Sandhill Scientific, 2002.
7. Evans DF, Buckton GK, British Society of Gastroenterology CMA. Clinical Measurement in Gastroenterology: The Oesophagus. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, 1999.
8. Gideon RM. Manometry: technical issues. Gastrointest.Endosc.Clin.N.Am. 2005;15:243-55.
9. Henderson RD. Esophageal manometry in clinical investigation. New York: Praeger, 1983.
10. Kahrilas PJ, Clouse RE, Hogan WJ. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the clinical use of esophageal manometry. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1865-84.
11. Passaretti S, Zaninotto G, Di Martino N, Leo P, Costantini M, Baldi F. Standards for oesophageal manometry. A position statement from the Gruppo Italiano di Studio Motilita Apparato Digerente (GISMAD). Dig.Liver Dis. 2000;32:46-55.
12.SGNA Position Statement: Performance of gastrointestinal manometry studies and provocative testing. Gastroenterol.Nurs. 2003;26:264-5.
13 Dantas RO. Effect of successive swallows on oesophageal motility of normal volunteers, patients with Chagas’ disease and patients with idiopathic achalasia. Neurogastroenterol.Motil. 2003;15:57-62
14 Sifrim D, Janssens J, Vantrappen G. A wave of inhibition precedes primary peristaltic contractions in the human esophagus.Gastroenterology 1992;103:876-82.
15 Weihrauch TR. Esophageal manometry : methods and clinical practice. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1981.
16. Adhami T, Shay SS. Esophageal motility in the assessment of esophageal function. Semin.Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 2001;13:234-40.
17. Adler DG, Romero Y. Primary esophageal motility disorders. Mayo Clin.Proc. 2001;76:195-200.
18.Beckingham IJ, Cariem AK, Bornman PC, Callanan MD, Louw JA. Oesophageal dysmotility is not associated with poor outcome afte laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Br.J.Surg. 1998;85:1290-3.
FOR COMPLETE article e mail : pedgihep@yahoo.com
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VOL42. First, Clinical & epidemiological profile of Pediatric Gastroenterology & HepatoBiliary sciences in Central India.
For complete data email: pedgihep@yahoo.com.Permission of author is necessary before publishing or using data for scientific purposes.
PEDIATRIC ACUTE LIVER FAILURE DATA:
|
Number |
|
|
Idiopathic |
10 |
|
Hepatitis A |
9 |
|
Dengue |
6 |
|
Wilson Disease |
6 |
|
Reye’s like |
4 |
|
Drug induced ( iso+ mixed) |
2+1 |
|
Neonatal haemo-chromatosis |
1 |
|
Neonatal omphalitis with PVT |
1 |
|
Mitochondrial Hepatopathy |
1 |
Common causes of recurrent abdominal pain in children
|
Causes |
Number of cases |
|
Functional (Rome 3 criteria) |
185. |
|
Hepatitis |
85 |
|
Antral Gastritis |
53 |
Common causes of abdominal mass as presenting complaint in children:
|
Liver Hydatid cyst |
3 |
|
Benign hepatic cyst |
2 |
|
Hepatoblastoma |
1
|
PEDIATRIC COLON ISSUES:
|
Disease |
Number |
|
Infective entero-colitis |
28 |
|
Allergic rectosigmoiditis |
20 |
|
IBD |
4 |
|
Rectal polyp |
3 |
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VOL 40, 2013 PEDGIHEP, E-JOURNAL: PANCREATIC ENZYMES: WHEN? WHY? WHAT DOSE?
Dr.Yogesh Waikar
Email: pedgihep@yahoo.com
Cell no: 8806319666
PANCREATIC ENZYMES: WHEN?
Because of the invasive nature, direct pancreatic function test is reserved for research purposes and in clinical practice, non-invasive testing is preferred. Discussion on various direct pancreatic function tests is outside the spectrum of this article which deals with options available and options that can be used in the current scenario at commercial level and are beneficial to patients suffering from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
Many non-invasive pancreatic function tests are available, but the perfect test does not exist. The test which has high sensitivity and good specificity to detect early pancreatic insufficiency is not available.
Qualitative measurement of a single stool specimen is useless because fat content varies with the dietary fat intake. Quantitative measurement of stool fat is cumbersome and only possible in few institutes. The 13C-MTG breathtesthasasensitivityof89%andspecificity of81% but again is available only in institutes with research settings.
Indications of Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy are as follows:
1. Clinical: chronic pancreatitis evident with complications.
2. Endoscopy: EUS suggestive Chronic pancreatitis criteria > 3 criteria, parenchymal or ductal changes
3. E-PFT: Conwell and colleagues have replaced fluoroscopic placement of an oro-duodenal
tube in an un-sedated patient with collection of duodenal fluid for bicarbonate determination by endoscopic collection while the patient is sedated, a technique that has been termed an endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT).2 Accuracy of the endoscopic pancreatic function test for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis needs to be compared properly with the gold-standardsecretin–pancreozymintest
4.S-MRCP: magnetic resonance pancreatography after intravenous secretin infusion (s-MRP) allows for a quantitative measurement of pancreatic secretion volume with a major advantage of of providing information about both ductal changes and function.3Further studies are needed.
5. Biochemical test: study, serum magnesium level of lower than 2.05 mg/dl has been shown to predict Pancretic enzyme insufficiency with a sensitivity of 88% and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 81%4
6. Stool: elastase 1: FE-1 reaches normal levels by day 3 in term newborns and by 2 weeks in infants born before 28 weeks of gestation. 5A faecal elastase concentration higher than 200 Ug /GM is considered as normal. Concentrations lower than 50 ug/g, are related to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Although faecal elastase quantification is not sensitive enough to detect patients with mild chronic pancreatitis ,its sensitivity in cases of moderate-to-severe disease is very high, close to100% Pancreatic elastase is highly stable along the GI transit and the faecal concentration of this enzyme significantly correlates with the amount of enzyme secreted by the exocrine pancreas. Methodology used to estimate the stool elastase 1 is human based hence porcine pancreatic enzyme supplement doesn’t affect its value. Hence no need to stop PET before the test.6
The fecal chymotrypsintest is a less reliable test to evaluate EPI. But may be used to evaluate treatment efficacy and compliance.7 The chymotrypsin activity is measured from spot stool samples with a cut of value of <3 U/g Chymotrypsin can be variably affected during intestinal transport and may be diluted in the presence of concomitant diarrhoea. The test has a sensitivity ranging from 50% to 80% for advanced EPI but only 50% for mild to moderate EPI. Another disadvantage of this test is that patients have to stop PERT two days prior to the stool collection8
7. Trial: Empirical clinical response to PERT is also one of the ways to understand and detect chronic pancreatic insufficiency.
PANCREATIC ENZYMES: WHY?9.10
Clinically evident EPI with steatorrhoea occurs only when 90% of the pancreatic function is lost. Advanced maldigestion secondary to CP is associated with deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A,D,E,andK),magnesium,calcium,zinc, and folicacid. Early detection and effective treatment of EPI is important to prevent morbidity and mortality.
Every patient with EPI and maldigestion, independent of the degree of steatorrhoea and presence or absence of associated symptoms, should receive PERT. The main focus in the management o f EPI is to prevent weightloss,EPIrelatedsymptoms,vitamindeficiencies, and to improve the nutritional status.
The most important clinical parameter to monitor treatment efficacy is body weight.
PANCREATIC ENZYMES: WHAT DOSE?11,15
Dose of pancreatic enzymes contains 1,000 to 2,500 U lipase/kg/meal. Adequacy of treatment is typically determined on clinical grounds.
Infants may require higher doses 2000-4000 lipase unit/120 ml
4year dose requirement may reduce to 400 to 500 lipase unit /kg/meal
For infants the capsule may be opened and spread over acidic food like rice or cereal.
For adolescence patients each meal may require 10,000 to 20, 000 lipase unit and up to 10, 000 lipase unit for each snack. Maximum dose suggested is 10,000 lp / kg/ day.Adult dose: 25,000 to 75,000 lipase unit / meal.
Comparative analysis of various enzyme preparations available in market has shown that enzyme contents were comparable, but the percentage of lipase activity after dissolution varied12
Half of the dose should be given 20 min prior to meal and remaining half in halfway of meal for appropriate delivery of enzymes.Dietary counseling is also important. Patient or parent adjusted PERT dose is useful in most of the circumstances.Most common cause of Treatment failure is under dosing. Max dose tested in adults/ cystic fibrosis children being 10,000 lipase unit / kg/ day. If the treatment response remains unsatisfactory, inhibition of gastric secretion can be attempted by administration of a proton pump inhibitor. If the patient still not responds, other diseases such as coeliac disease and bacterial overgrowth, which may also cause maldigestion and steatorrhoea, should be reconsidered.13,14
A last resort may be the restriction of fat. This should be imposed under supervision of a dietician.
SIDEEFFECTS:
Transient nausea, bloating, diarrhoea and hypersensitivity. Fibrosing colonopathy after using very high doses of the enteric-coated micro- minisphere preparations. 15
FOR complete article and references : email : pedgihep@yahoo.com.
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vol37, NAC in NON- PCM LIVER FAILURE: NEW PROPOSED CRITERIA.
YOGESH WAIKAR
Indian multicentric data of IAP-PED GASTRO/LIVER group on acute liver failure is eagerly awaited.
This vol 37 of pedgihep e-journal focuses on recently published papers on use of N-acetyl cystine in non PCM based acute Liver failure
Meta-analysis, text book references, adverse reactions of NAC, effect of NAC on normal subjects, Pharmacokinetics of NAC are discussed in details.
May I propose selective use of NAC in predetermined population in children for study purpose till further reports are available or published? Selective group included for using NAC are based on recently conducted trials.
Pharmacokinetics: NAC is deacetylated by the liver and intra-cellularly in most tissues to cysteine. Most of an acetylcysteine dose is expected to be metabolized and incorporated as cysteine into cellular pools. The mean terminal t1/2 is 5.6 hours; clearance is 0.11 L/hr/kg. Renal clearance accounts for roughly 30% of total clearance. In patients with severe liver damage, the mean t1/2 increases by 80% while the mean clearance decreases by 30% compared to a control group. The clearance of acetylcysteine was significantly reduced in patients with chronic liver disease compared with controls (Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Aug;11(4):787-91). Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it is not known if dosage adjustments are needed. Although there was a 3-fold increase in acetylcysteine plasma concentrations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, the published medical literature does not indicate that the dose of acetylcysteine in patients with hepatic impairment should be reduced. Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available; it is not known if dosage adjustments are needed.
The mean elimination half-life of acetylcysteine is longer in newborns (11 hours) than in adults (5.6 hours).
Acceptable diluents include: 5% Dextrose, 0.45% Sodium Chloride injection (1/2 Normal Saline), and Water for Injection. Stability studies indicate that the diluted solution is stable for 24 hours at controlled room temperature. Photosensitivity of NAC is cannot be neglected .(drug insert)
The median duration of NAC administration in children with nonacetaminophen-induced acute liver injury is 5 days (range, 1 to 77 days) (Kortsalioudaki C, Taylor RM, Cheeseman P, Bansal S, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A: Safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in children with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 2008, 14:25-30.)
EFFECT OF NAC in Normal controls:
N-acetylcysteine induced significant decreases in plasma levels of vitamin K dependent haemostatic proteins in vivo, being maximal at one hour following the start of infusion, with maximal decreases from 1.00 to 0.73 (0.67-0.79) (mean (95% confidence interval)), 0.66 (0.58-0.73), 0.81 (0.73-0.90), 0.64 (0.57-0.70), 0.74 (0.65-0.82), and 0.61 (0.54-0.67) for factor II, VII, IX, and X activities, protein C activity, and free protein S reactivity, respectively. N-acetylcysteine did not affect factor VIII or vWf in subjects without adverse reactions, and nor did it affect factor V or antithrombin in any of the subjects. Therapeutic doses of N-acetylcysteine cause abnormal haemostatic activity, and this should be taken into account when using haemostatic function tests as an indicator of hepatic injury.
Knudsen TT, Thorsen S, Jensen SA, Dalhoff K, Schmidt LE, Becker U, Bendtsen F - Gut - Apr 2005; 54(4); 515-21
Adverse Reactions
TEXTBOOK REFRENCES 1:
STATEMENT:
N-Acetylcysteine has also been effective in improving the outcome of patients with acute liver failure not associated with acetaminophen.
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics , Nineteenth EditionRobert M. Kliegman, Bonita F. Stanton, Joseph W. St. Geme, Nina F. Schor, and Richard E. Behrman Chapter 356, 1412-1415.e1
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TEXTBOOK REFRENCE 2:
N-acetylcysteine has been proposed as a potential treatment for non–acetaminophen-related acute liver failure on the basis of studies demonstrating improvements in tissue oxygenation and systemic hemodynamics and the drug's antioxidant properties. The benefit of N-acetylcysteine appeared to be limited to the subgroup of patients with grade 1 or 2 encephalopathy at entry (52% vs. 31%, P = 0.021). In addition, a single-center retrospective study of 170 children with nonacetaminophen acute liver failure demonstrated that treatment with N-acetylcysteine was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay and a higher rate of spontaneous recovery. study, Liver Transpl 14 (2008) , pp. 25-30 however, the untreated controls were not contemporaneous and had more severe illness at presentation. In both studies, N-acetylcysteine was generally well tolerated, with a low rate of side effects (e.g., rash, bronchospasm, arrhythmia). Additional studies of N-acetylcysteine for non–acetaminophen-related acute liver failure are in progress to identify which patients may benefit from this treatment.
Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease:Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management , Ninth EditionMark Feldman, Lawrence S. Friedman, and Lawrence J. BrandtChapter 93, 1557-1568.e3
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Journals review:
Statement 1:NAC did not improve 1-year survival in non-APAP PALF. 1-year LTx-free survival was significantly lower with NAC, particularly among those < 2 years old. These results do not support broad use of NAC in non-APAP PALF and emphasizes the importance of conducting controlled pediatric drug trials, regardless of results in adults
Method: adaptively allocated, doubly masked, placebo-controlled trial, A total of 184 participants were enrolled in the trial with 92 in each arm.
Study sample: pediatric age group.
PAPER1: Squires RH, Dhawan A, Alonso E, ETAL Hepatology. 2012 Aug 10.
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Statement 2: NAC treatment of AOM mice led to reduced hepatic damage and improvement in neurological function, normalization of brain and hepatic glutathione levels as well as selective attenuation in expression of plasma proinflammatory cytokines. These findings demonstrate that the beneficial effects of NAC in experimental non-APAP-induced ALF involves both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Study sample: animals.
Method: Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with AOM (100 microg/g; i.p.) or saline and sacrificed at coma stage of encephalopathy in parallel with AOM mice administered NAC (1.2 g/kg; i.p.).
Paper 2: Bmeur C, Vaquero J, Desjardins P, Butterworth RF. Metab Brain Dis. 2010 Jun ; 25(2): 241-9
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Statement 3: The use of NAC causes reduction in NAI-ALF mortality and its use was safe. A total of 34 (37.36%) patients survived; 22 (47%) in group 1 (NAC group) and 12 (27%) in group 2 (controls) (P = 0.05).
Study samples: adult based.
Method: 47 adult patients ,prospectively enrolled with NAI-ALF (group 1 or NAC group) and oral NAC given. compared these results with records of NAI-ALF patients admitted in our hospital from 2000 to 2003 (n = 44) who were not given NAC (group 2 or historical controls).
Study 3:Role of N-acetylcysteine in adults with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in a center without the facility of liver transplantation Hepatology International Volume 3, Issue 4 , pp 563-570
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Statement 4: Intravenous NAC improves transplant-free survival in patients with early stage non-acetaminophen-related acute liver failure. Patients with advanced coma grades do not benefit from NAC and typically require emergency liver transplantation.
Study samples 4: adult based. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00004467
Method 4:173 patients, prospective, double-blind trial, acute liver failure patients without clinical or historical evidence of acetaminophen overdose were stratified by site and coma grade and assigned randomly to groups that were given NAC or placebo (dextrose) infusion for 72 hours.
Study 4 : Gastroenterology. 2009 September; 137(3): 856–864.e1. Published online 2009 June 12. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.006
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STATEMENT 5: NAC does not improve transplant free survival by ameliorating the surge of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with non-APAP induced ALF. There were
no differences in any serum cytokine concentrations or in SIRS in patients treated with
NAC vs. placebo.
Study sample:Adult based, 90 patients from the randomized, placebo-controlled ALF
Study Group NAC Trial
METHOD: randomized, placebo-controlled ALF Study Group NAC
STUDY 5: Relationship of Serum Cytokine Concentrations to Outcome, Complications and N-Acetylcysteine Treatment in Patients With Non-Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure Mo1917. ASSLD abstracts. Gastroenterology 2012 :vol142:issue 5, supplement 1,S-999
Statement 6: NAC was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay, higher incidence of native liver recovery without transplantation, and better survival after transplantation.
Study sample: pediatric
Study group: 170 children presenting with nonacetaminophen-induced ALF between 1989 and 2004 ,retrospective.
Study:
Kortsalioudaki C, Taylor RM, Cheeseman P, Bansal S, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A - Liver Transpl. - Jan 2008; 14(1); 25-30
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STATEMENT 7: N-acetylcysteine administration should be considered in all patients with acute liver failure.
STUDY SAMPLE: 7 Patients.
Method: pilot study, observation based.
Study: Ben-Ari Z, Vaknin H, Tur-Kaspa R - Hepatogastroenterology - ; 47(33); 786-9
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Statement 8 : MEDLINE (1966-March 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-2003), and Cochrane Library (2003, issue 3) databases : All of the studies found were small and do not provide conclusive evidence that acetylcysteine benefits this subgroup of patients. Microvascular regional benefits were seen, but clinical outcomes have not been studied. Intravenous acetylcysteine should not be used routinely for treatment of non-acetaminophen-induced ALF. Further large-scale studies are needed to evaluate clinical outcomes.
METHOD: METAREVIEW IN 2004
STUDY: Sklar GE, Subramaniam M - Ann Pharmacother - Mar 2004; 38(3); 498-500
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Statement 9: N-acetylcysteine infusion increases cerebral perfusion pressure in pigs with fulminant hepatic failure.
Study sample: animal based.
Study: Crit Care Med. 2001 Oct;29(10):1989-95.
SUGGESTIONS:
The predictive model for early recognition of the risk of short-term development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or CLINICAL worsening in patients with symptomatic acute liver disease (ALD) unrelated to PCM poisoning has been well studied in literature. Earlier studies indicate that preservation of transplant-free survival of inpatients with non-PCM ALD is closely related to the ability to recognize early, often narrow window of opportunity.1-5 We can stream-line use of NAC in selected group of patients accordingly.King’s college criteria (KCH)were established 20 years ago to predict survival rate lower than 20% among British patients with established non-P ALF (i.e. with HE) 6.Study BY Y. Takikawa et al. 7in Japanese patients Strongly support the view that the items used in KCH criteria (excluding the duration of jaundice before the onset of HE) to predict the short-term development of HE or clinical worsening. Takikawa and coworkers, from Japan, report the results of a 13-year prospective study that aimed to predict HE for inpatients with non-P ALD hence can be used as baseline reference for further studies. HE was predicted with 100% sensitivity and 69% specificity, or 62% sensitivity and 93% specificity, when taking cut-off values of HE-developing probability >20% or >50%, respectively;The indications recommended by Jacques Bernuau, Franc_ois Durand 8 for referral of non-P ALD inpatients to a liver unit, ideally with LT (LIVER TRANSPLANT) facility with lesser degree of severity can be used as indications for use of NAC in non -pcm based liver failure with lower threshold at least till further RESULTS validated.Review of KCH (King’s college criteria), Takikawa eta al , Jacques Bernuau et al should guide us to direct poor prognostic patients with un-favourable etiologies of non -pcm based ALF for use of NAC.
Poor Prognosis of such patients is known without liver Transplant. Liver transplant affordability is an important issue in our set up. Non- Liver Transplant based center may use following criteria for further studies to understand better use of NAC. Criteria for such use of NAC should be at lesser threshold than those for Liver Transplant for further studies.
Proposed Modified criteria for use of NAC with PT activity RATIO 50-30% of control (any one sufficient)
Above modified criteria is just a suggestion subject to initiate the discussion on the forum of IAP PED GASTRO AND LIVER GROUP.
Ref:
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vol36, DIFFICULT CELIACS IN CENTRAL INDIA.
Dr.Yogesh Waikar
MD, DNB, CC.PGCC,Fellow in Pediatric Gastroenterology & Liver Transplant.
Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterologist & Endoscopist.
Care hospital ,Nagpur
DATA SUPPORT:
CENTRAL INDIA CELIAC DISEASE REGISTRY.
Dept of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, CARE hospital, Nagpur.
Introduction:
Celiac disease is gluten hypersensitivity with multisystem involvement. Though considered to be more prevalent in Northern India, still unfortunately follows the tip of iceberg phenomenon in diagnosis everywhere.
In Central India which includes Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Madhyapradesh exact incidence and prevalence is not known. In this volume 36 OF Pedgihep E-JOURNAL I take this opportunity to discuss difficult celiac pathophysiology and their implications on our clinical day to day practice.
DEFINITION OF DIFFICULT CELIAC DISEASE:
Inclusion:
1. Potenial celiacs .
2. Refarctory Celiacs.
Exclusion criteria :
Non-compliant on gluten free diet patient not included in the discussion of refractory celiac. Initial wrong diagnosis of celiac diseases are excluded.
Potenial Celiacs:
By definition: serology positive IgA TTG +ve / Duodenal biopsy : marsh 0/Clinical features : consistent with celiac disease
Number of patients:
What’s not done :
What’s important?
Analysis:
A Double blind RCT published recently confirmed the entity of non-celiac gluten hypersensitivity manifesting as Irritable bowel, duodenal malabsorption .Though authors could-not explain mechanism behind it 1Gluten intolerance in individuals without celiac disease, has also been described as NON MAN’S LAND.2
Most of published evidence, label the patient as potential celiac who do not follow serological/biochemical/endoscopic criteria of published guidelines ESPGHAN on definition of celiac disease for diagnosis.
Any dietary product like Gluten can induce functional gut symptoms include induction of intestinal distension through the fermentation of poorly absorbed gluten peptides. Alternatively, some studies reinforce that gluten may mediate cholinergic activation as has been shown in murine models of gluten sensitivity.3
Gluten indeed can trigger of gut symptoms and tiredness in persons with Potential celiac . How to interpret this situation in children is questionable and debateable.
Are we over justified in recommending trial of gluten withdrawal in children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome needs to be further studied.
One of the landmark studies in children with potential celiac reinforces that most of these children remain healthy. Over the period of 3 years 1/3 would develop villous atrophy. Use of Intestinal deposits for ANTItG2 IgA as screening test is recommended.4
Detection of IgA depositsin duodenal mucosa from a potentialCD patient. TG2 (in red) shows
a subepithelial localization (B), IgA ingreen (C) are present inside plasmacells; thin layers of anti-TG2 antibodymucosal deposits are visible in subepithelialareas. In panel A, yellow colorindicates colocalization of IgA anti-TG2 mucosal deposits and TG2.(D–F) Duodenal mucosa from a potentialCD patient negative for deposits ofIgA anti-TG2. IgA are visible, in green,only inside plasma cells and epithelialcells (F), TG2 in red presents a subepithelialdistribution (E). No area of colocalizationis evident (D).
The natural history of gluten sensitivity is unknown. Whether this disorder is permanent or transient and whether it is linked to autoimmunity.
To include patients and better define them as NONCELIAC GLUTEN HYPERSENSITIVITY OR GLUTEN SENSITIVITY where classic definition by ESPGHAN do-not clarify or distinguish the patient as Celiac disease may we start using following criteria:5
By using above criteria I propose we can better investigate /approach celiac syndrome. Data from India in children is richly awaited to be tapped.
IS Gluten sensitivity, potential celiac reversible? It would also give us clue is it muti-factorial or completely genetic based.
Refractory celiac disease:
What’s important?
What is the incidence of missed refractory celiac from India?
Can we take help of immune-staining CD s early in diagnosis for better prognostication?
Refractory CD has been defined as persistent or recurrent villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) despite a strict GFD for greater than 12 mo (or if severe persisting symptoms necessitate intervention independent of the duration of the GFD.6
Refractory celiac disease is further classified as type 1: normal pattern of Intra epithelial lymphocytes . and type 2 : abnormal pattern of Intra epithelial lymphocytes .Type 2 being more chances of developing lymphoma and poor prognosis. Patients with both types may benefit from immunosuppressive therapy.7
Recurrent symptoms develop in biopsy-proven CD patients on a GFD. The most common cause of nonresponsive CD, which occurs in about 30% of CD patients, is non-adherence to a GFD.
About 10% of CD patients diagnosed in childhood may develop temporary tolerance to gluten8
But still we do find patients with refractory celiac disease.
By Common justified approach before labeling as refractory celiac disease primary or secondary pancreatic insufficiency, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, collagenous sprue, or lymphocytic or collagenous colitis needs to be excluded. Similarly Gluten free diet need to be reinforced. Inspite of all the above measures if problem persist we need to reconsider the diagnosis of celiac disease. All through….. ultimately refractory celiac label should be considered.
Origin of refractory celiac disease types has been traced to Different cluster of differentiation as per the recent study and it has to deal with thymic migration of intra epithelial lymphocytes which is post- natal. Simple genetic causation would be difficult to explain these observations in new studies
Schmitz et al9 defined a subpopulation of lineage-negative (Lin-) CD7CD127− CD34− lymphocytes as likely precursors of aberrant IELs in type 2 . They showed that their RCDII lymphocytic cell lines expressed far more NK-cell associated transcripts compared to mature TCR+ CD3 IELs and then defined a subpopulation of these lineage-negative (Lin-) CD7CD127− CD34− lymphocytes that highly expressed the interleukin (IL)-2/15Rβ chain (CD122)as likely precursors of aberrant IELs in type 2 .Interestingly Type 2 lineage 18-fold more frequent in the duodenum of non-coeliac compared to coeliac children, and less frequent in adults .Rich expression of NATURAL KILLER CELLS and Il15 /2 AXIS is underlying basis of type 2 celiac disease.
BOTH COMBINED: POTENTIAL / REFRACTORY CELIAC?
Should we try gluten free trial in patients of functional abdominal pain/CHILDHOOD IBS who are diagnosed as gluten sensitivity as discussed earlier in the criteria? Should we introduce immune-staining early to diagnose potential celiac? Can we propose understanding of refractory celiac for prognostication?
At least we should have NATIONAL academic committee with histopathologist / immunocytochemist where we could send all the samples for analysis to understand celiac disease better in children.
References:
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VOL 35, 2012 ,EVIDENCE BASED MANAGEMENT OF UPPER GI ISSUES IN CHILDREN.
COLLECTED AND EDITED : Dr.YOGESH WAIKAR.
CLINICAL ISSUE 1: Is 1 week of treatment sufficient to eradicate Helicobacter pylori?
One week of omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromyin given twice daily is as effective at eradicating Helicobacter pylori (HP) as 2 weeks of treatment. It also costs less and is less burdensome for patients. . The HP eradication rate was similar for the 1- and 2-week groups (79.7% vs 81.7%); both OAC groups had a higher eradication rate than the omeprazole and amoxicillin alone group (44.6%). Adverse events and discontinuation of treatment were similar between the 1- and 2-week groups.
EVIDENCE: adult based study extrapolated to children.
Level of evidence : 1 B
Reference
Zagari RM, Bianchi-Porro G, Fiocca R, Gasbarrini G, Roda E, Bazzoli F. Comparison of 1 and 2 weeks of omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication: the HYPER study. Gut 2007;56:475-479.
CLINICAL ISSUE 2: What is the optimum duration of treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication?
Seven days of treatment with triple therapy -- a proton pump inibitor (PPI) + clarithromycin (Biaxin) + amoxicillin ormetronidazole -- produces rates of eradication that are nearly as good as 10 days to 14 days of treatment, and are equally good if only high-quality research is considered. Researchers conducting this meta-analysis searched 3 databases to find research comparing different durations of triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. They also searched conference proceedings, but limited all of their choices to articles in English. Two researchers independently abstracted the data and assessed study quality via the commonly used Jadad criteria. Their search yielded 21 studies comparing 7, 10, and 14 days of treatment using regimens of a PPI with clarithromycin andamoxicillin or a PPI with clarithromycin and metronidazole. The difference in outcome between durations of therapy were present in studies usingamoxicillin but not in studies using metronidazole. The outcomes were not different based on duration of therapy when only the high-quality studies were analyzed.
EVIDENCE: adult based study extrapolated to children.
Level of evidence : 1 A-
Reference
Fuccio L, Minardi ME, Zagari RM, Grilli D, Magrini N, Bazzoli F. Meta-analysis: Duration of first-line proton-pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Ann Intern Med 2007;147(8):553-562.
CLINICAL ISSUE 3: Is a response to a proton pump inhibitor a useful diagnostic strategy to determine gastroesophageal reflux?
A 2-week trial to determine the response to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) will not identify a significant proportion of patients who have true GERD. If a patient has typical reflux symptoms, begin treatment, since an early lack of response does not rule out true GERD. The sensitivity of the PPI test was 91% (95% CI, 78%-96%) and the specificity was 26% (10%-49%). In this high prevalence population, the positive predictive value was 75% (62%-85%) and the negative predictive value was 54% (22%-81%). Using these results, the likelihood ratio for the PPI test was 1.2, similar to the likelihood ratio for the presence of typical symptoms.
EVIDENCE: adult based study extrapolated to children.
Level of evidence: 1 C
Reference
Aanen MC, Weusten BL, Numans ME, De Wit NJ, Baron A, Smout AJ. Diagnostic value of the proton pump inhibitor test for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in primary care. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1377-1384.
CLINICAL ISSUE 4: Is there any difference between proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
There is no significant difference between equivalent doses of proton pump inhibitors, including equivalent doses of esomeprazole and omeprazole The decision to choose one over another should be based first on cost and second on individual patient response. This meta-analysis identified all double-blinded randomized controlled trials comparing one proton pump inhibitor with another for the treatment of gastroesphageal reflux disease (GERD), using endoscopic healing as the reference standard for treatment success. A total of 19 studies with more than 9000 patients were identified, most lasting 4 weeks. No difference in effectiveness was seen.
EVIDENCE: adult based study extrapolated to children.
Level of evidence: 1A
Reference:
Klok RM, Postma MJ, Van Hout BA, Brouwers JR. Meta-analysis: comparing the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in short-term use. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:1237-45.
VOL34, PEDGIHEP EJOURNAL 2012.
KASAI, REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES.
by Dr.YOGESH WAIKAR.
STUDY 1: doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.07.024 CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY 2011; 9:1086–1091
SAMPLE : January 1, 1977, and December 31, 1988, 106 patients,Confirmed BA: by IOC,H/P.
Thirteen patients had a type I or II BA; 9 patients underwent a hepaticojejunostomy or a choledochojejunostomy. In 4 patients, a portoenterostomy was performed. Eighty-three patients were classified as type III BA and underwent the classic Kasai portoenterostomy.
Results:
1. The 20-year survival rate was not significantly associated with the age at surgical correction.
2. more than 25% of BA patients in The Netherlands survive at least 20 years with their native liver.
3. Interestingly, one fifth of the 20-year transplant free survivors had no signs of cirrhosis and a normal liver biochemically.
4. The 20-year transplant-free survival rates in the 1977 to 1982 cohort presented in this report were similar to those reported from France in the same period (20% vs 23%, respectively). In the 1983 to 1988 cohort the transplant-free survival rate increased to 32%. However, survival remained lower than that reported from Japan (58%).
5. Surgery could not show a beneficial effect of surgery before 45 days,
6. Survival rates tend to be higher in patients with type I or II BA (42% in types I/II; 25% in type III). These figures are comparable with those from a large French cohort, but inferior to numbers from Japan, which reported a 100% 20-year transplant- free survival rate in 7 patients.
7. Signs of severe cholestasis and fibrosis in the per-operative liver biopsy specimen are not necessarily indicative of a poor prognosis.
8. The presence of BASM does not exclude a favorable outcome.
Not used:
1. Postoperative corticosteroids
2. Prophylactic antibiotics.
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STUDY 2: J Korean Surg Soc. 2011 October; 81(4): 271–275.doi: 10.4174/jkss.2011.81.4.271
SAMPLE: 32 patients with KPE performed for biliary atresia. Between 1990 and 2000.
Results:
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STUDY 3:Lykavieris P, Chardot C, Sokhn M, Gauthier F, Valayer J, Bernard O. Outcome in adulthood of biliary atresia: a study of 63 patients who survived for over 20 years with their native liver. Hepatology 2005;41:366-71
SAMPLE: between 1968 and 1983
RESULTS:
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STUDY 4: Japanese Biliary Atresia SocietyNio M, Ohi R, Miyano T, et al. Five- and 10-year survival rates after surgery for biliary atresia: a report from the Japanese biliary atresia registry. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38:997–1000.doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(03)00178-7
SAMPLE size: One hundred sixty-four patients (11.9%) had type I atresia of the common bile duct, 34 (2.5%) had type II atresia of the hepatic ducts, and 1,162 (84.1%) had type III atresia at The porta hepatis.
Results:
1.Impact of the age at operation on bile flow was not clear until 90 days of age, and after 90 days the bile
flow rate worsened.
2. over-all 5-year survival rate changed from 69.4% to 78.3%, the difference was not statistically significant.
3. 10-year follow-up results of the 108 patients initially registered in 1989, 72 (66.7%) and 57 (52.8%) survived with and without the aid of LTx, respectively
4. only 19 patients lost to follow-up among the 743 patients registered from 1989 to 1994.
5. The incidence of cholangitis in complex modifications such as the Roux-en with an intestinal valve and the Suruga II was not lower than that in the original Rouxen- Y procedure.
no antireflux procedure – intra op could successfully prevent cholangitis
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STUDY 5: JPGN 2010;51: 631–634
SAMPLE: Kasai operations were performed on a total of 103 patients(45 boys and 58 girls). definitive diagnosis was confirmed with operative cholangiogram. Patients would receive prednisolone at initial dose at 4 mg/kg/day on day 7 after the operation for 2 weeks. The dose was reduced to 2 mg/kg/day for another 2 weeks and finally 1 mg/kg/day for the last 2 weeks
Results:
1. The overall success rate of Kasai operation (as defined by the need for transplantation within 1 year) was 59.3%
2. the results of the Kasai operation are still variable across different centers.
3. The paradigm of early surgery may not apply to all patients experiencing isolated BA.
4. There was no difference histologically between patients who had surgery before 60 days and those between 61 and 80 days, with little or no progression to cirrhosis until at least beyond 100 days of life. This would suggest that although there were higher levels of bilirubin in patients who had the Kasai operation for 60 days of life, the overall effects on the liver were not as significant as once thought. Furthermore, because the age of onset of isolated BA is variable, and the success of the surgery determined mainly by the degree of damage of biliary ductules and the degree of fibrosis, it would not be logical to use the age at operation alone to predict the outcome.
5. optimal age for performing the Kasai operation should be between 61 and 80 days: well developed surgical portal path.
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STUDY 6: Chirurg. 2009 Jul;80(7):628-33.
SAMPLE: 85 BA patients from 1993 to 2003 was aimed to evaluate prognostic factors using the log rank test
RESULTS:
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STUDY 7 : J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Apr;48(4):443-50.Long-term outcome of children with biliary atresia who were not transplanted after the Kasai operation: >20-year experience at a children's hospital.
Sample:Group of 80 patients who had undergone theKasai operation between 1970 and 1986 .
RESULTS:
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SAMPLE: 93 cases of biliary atresia in the United Kingdom and Ireland diagnosed between March 1993 and February 1995 were followed up prospectively.
RESULTS:
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SAMPLE: 185 children were diagnosed with BA, 22 underwent exploratory laparotomy withoutKasai operation, and 163 underwent Kasai operation, of which 141 cases had long-term follow-up
RESULTS:
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RESULTS: 1.Survival was not influenced by earlier age at operation, size of ductal remnants, or the use of an external biliary vent.
2. Good bile flow was predictive of a favorable outcome.
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RESULTS:
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MANAGEMENT OF LITHIUM BATTERY INGESTION
MAYANK JAIN1, SHIKHAR JAIN2, JENISHA JAIN2, PRASHANT AGARWAL2
1- Department of Gastroenterology and 2- Department of Pediatrics,Choithram Hospital and Research Centre, Indore. Email-mayank4670@rediffmail.com
Battery ingestion in children is an emerging hazard. With the use of button batteries in toys and easy accessibility to these batteries, the incidence of accidental ingestions is increasing.
Most battery ingestions are benign, although large diameter cells may produce serious injury and must be removed. Button cells of 15-18 mm in diameter generally passed through the gut uneventfully and removal is rarely indicated for batteries beyond the esophagus.In the United States, 3461 to 3758 battery ingestions were reported between 2007 and 2009. Around 70% events occurred in children less than 6 years and 21% events occurred in children between 6 to 19 years. 1Though the incidence of manganese dioxide, zinc air, mercuric oxide and silver oxide ingestion is coming down, there has been steady rise in incidence of lithium battery ingestion.Risk factors for more severe outcome include the following2-
The mechanism of injury in lithium battery ingestion is3-7
Management
Index of suspicion should be high. Physicians missed the diagnosis of battery lodged in the esophagus in one third of major outcomes because of non specific presentations like unwitnessed ingestions.Definitive battery passage in reported in only 40%. Position of the battery should be checked using radiography.Avoid cathartics and vomiting as both are ineffective. Assays of blood or urine for mercury or other battery ingredients are not required In jury free removal is possible within 2 hours of ingestion. This is much shorter time period compared to previous reports as lithium batteries have higher capacitance and voltage. Hemorrhage occurs within 12-14 hours of ingestion and may be fatal.Specific complications like tracheoesophageal fistula and aortoesophageal fistula occur between 9-18 days of ingestion , depending upon the location of negative pole.Length of observation, duration of esophageal rest, need for serial imaging and endoscopy/bronchoscopy is determined based on location and severity of injury.Complications – esophageal perforation, trachepesophageal fistula, mediastinitis, vocal cord paralysis, tracheal stenosis, aspiration pneumonia, empyema, abscess, pneumothorax, spondylodiscitis, perforation into large vessels.
To conclude, all doctors need to be aware of the hazards of lithium battery ingestion. We need to educate parents regarding the potential hazards of these batteries. Moreover, we need to have data on the incidence and complications in our setting. This would help us to formulate better management strategies and reduce morbidity.
References
PEDIATRIC HEPATOCYTE TRANSPLANT,vol29 ,2012.Pedgihep e-journal.
REVIEWED BY: Dr. YOGESH WAIKAR
AIMS OF PEDIATRIC HEPATOCYTE TRANSPLANT:1,2,3
Bench SIDE -à bedside4,5,6,7
SOURSE OF HEPATOCYTES:
ROUTE/ACCESS: 8,9,10,11,12
Through portal vein: Gold std.
Through hepatic vein:
intrasplenic / intraperitoneal / renal capsule
NEONATES: umbilical vein
Old: surgery/IR.
middle colic vein via the inferior mesenteric vein.
Indication OF PEDIATRIC HEPTOCYTE TRANSPLANT:
FACTOR DETERMINING HEPATOCYTE DOSE:13
BASICS OF DOSE:14,15,16
CONCLUSIONS:
REFRENCES:
1.J Hepatol. 2012 Feb ; 56(2): 496-9
2.J Intern Med 2009; 266: 339–357.
3.American Journal of Transplantation 2008; 8: 452–457
4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02152.x
5.Liver Transpl. 2012 Feb ; 18(2): 226-37
6.J Intern Med 2009; 266: 339–357
7.Cell Transplantation, Vol. 19, pp. 409–418, 2010
8. Cell Transplantation, Vol. 20, pp. 1259–1270, 2011
9. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 32–40.
10. Hepatology 2000; 31: 851–7
11. Transpl Int 1994; 7(Suppl. 1): S432–5
12. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 936–7.
13. Cell Transplantation, Vol. 18, pp. 777–786, 2009
14. N. Engl. J. Med. 338(20):1422–1426; 1998
15.Transpl Immunol 2004; 12: 273–88.
16.Liver Dis 1999;19:39–48
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CELIAC DISEASE GUIDELINES : NICE 2009:
WHEN TO TEST?
WHAT DIETARY CONDITION BEFORE ORDERING TEST?
1.1.4 Do not use serological testing for coeliac disease in infants before gluten has been introduced to the diet.
1.1.5 Inform people (and their parents or carers, as appropriate) that any testing for coeliac disease is accurate only if the person continues
to follow a gluten-containing diet during the diagnostic process (serological tests and biopsy if required).
1.1.6 Inform people that they should not start a gluten-free diet until diagnosis is confirmed by intestinal biopsy, even if a self-test or other serological test is positive.
1.1.7 Inform people that when they are following a normal diet (containing gluten) they should eat some gluten (for example, bread, chapattis, pasta, biscuits, or cakes) in more than one meal every day for a minimum of 6 weeks before testing; however, it is not possible to say exactly how much gluten they should eat.
1.1.8 If a person is reluctant or unable to reintroduce gluten into their diet before testing:
1.1.9 Inform people who are considering, or have undertaken, self-testing for coeliac disease (and their parents or carers) that any result from self-testing needs to be discussed with a healthcare professional and confirmed by laboratory-based tests.
1.1.10 Before seeking consent to take blood for serological tests, explain:
1.1.11 Inform people and their parents or carers that a delayed diagnosis of coeliac disease, or undiagnosed coeliac disease, can result in:
WHAT SEROLOGICAL TEST?
Do not use immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) tests in the diagnosis of coeliac disease.
When clinicians request serology, laboratories should:
Do not use human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8 testing in the initial diagnosis of coeliac disease.
WHAT AFTER SEROLOGY TEST?
1.1.17 Offer referral to a gastrointestinal specialist for intestinal biopsy to confirm or exclude coeliac disease to people with positive serological results from any tTGA or EMA test.
1.1.18 If serology tests are negative but coeliac disease is still clinically suspected, offer referral to a gastrointestinal specialist for further assessment.
FOOD HABBITS & OBESITY IN CHILDREN : ESPGHAN GUIDELINES.
STATEMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The origin of obesity is multifactorial. Dietary interventions
should be incorporated into a multidisciplinary strategy for
obesity prevention.
2. No single nutrient has been unequivocally associated with the
development of overweight and obesity.
3. Methodological limitations in study design and the complex
nature of obesity must be taken into account when interpreting
the association with some of the reported dietary factors.
4. Energy intake should be individually determined, taking into
account energy expenditure and growth.
5. Preferential intake of slowly absorbed carbohydrates, along
with limiting the supply of rapidly absorbed carbohydrates and
simple sugars, should be promoted.
6. With respect to obesity prevention, no recommendations on fat
quantity and quality, protein or amino acid intake, or calcium
and dairy product intake can be made.
7. No dietary modulators of gut microbiota can be recommended
for obesity prevention.
8. Plant foods can be used as the main food contributors to a wellbalanced
diet. When a vegetarian diet is practiced, appropriate
planning (taking into account recommended macro- and
micronutrient intakes) and monitoring (growth and potentially
zinc, iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D status) should be
executed by a health care professional.
9. Sugar-sweetened beverages are a significant contributor to
energy intake. Plain water should be promoted as the main
source of fluids for children.
10. Children should eat at least 4 meals, including breakfast, every
day. Regular family meals should be encouraged.
11. Fast food with large portion sizes and high energy density
should be avoided.
12. Healthy food options should be promoted for snacking.
13. Food portion sizes should be appropriate for age and body size.
14. Nutrition and lifestyle education aimed at the prevention of
obesity should be included in the routine care of children by
general paediatricians and other health professionals.
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OUTCOME IN LIVER FAILURE:A REVIEW.VOL23 PEDGIHEP EJOURNAL
.N ACETYL CYSTEINE improvement is primarily noted among patients with early(grades I–II) hepatic encephalopathy. No benefit was seen among patients with moreadvanced encephalopathy. These findings of the many studies suggested that, for NAC to be effective, it should be initiated early in the disease course. In addition, many patientswith ALF of indeterminate etiology may have underlying acetaminophen toxicitywhich further supports the use of NAC in all cases. NAC can modify the clinical course to a favorable one and prevent the fatal outcome of hepatic encephalopathyThe outcome of ALF varies by etiology, favorable prognoses being found with acetaminophen overdose, hepatitis A, and ischemia (approximately 60% spontaneous survival), and poor prognoses with drug-induced ALF, hepatitis B, and indeterminate cases (approximately 25% spontaneous survival)8Patients transplanted for CLD had higher patient survival rates than patients with FHF in a study by Arnon R et al.9 In a study by Sze YK et al For noncirrhotic metabolic disorders, auxiliary transplantation has similar patient and graft survival compared with orthotopic transplantation.10 The 3- month mortality of ACLF group was significantly higher than non-ACLF group. PELD score of > 25.5 predicted death with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 83.3%.11Multivariate analysis by Lal J et al revealed that the SOFA ,sequential organ failure assessment and the International Normalized Ratio (INR) were predictors of survival.12Wilson's score has better predictor of need for LTx in patients than classical King's-College criteria.
Presence of encephalopathy and a serum phosphorus level ≥2.9 mg/dl appear to indicate a poor prognosis in children with fulminant hepatic failure. Hypophosphatemia has been reported as a laboratory indicator of recovering liver function in children with fulminant hepatic failure .14Increased SERUM alpha-NH(2)-butyric-acid (Aab) and Aab:leucine (Aab:Leu) ratio in patients who survived without transplantation compared to those who were transplanted or died EMPHASISES THE ROLE OF Serum alpha-NH-butyric acid TO predict spontaneous survival in pediatric acute liver failure.
Pretransplant growth retardation is associated with increased post-OLT hospital length-of-stay and increased hospitalization costs.Patients with sepsis had longer hospital stays and prolonged ventilation. Invasive fungal infections were rare in pediatric ALF with adequate doses of antifungal prophylaxis. The predominant infections included bacteremia ,lower respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection.The United States Acute Liver Failure Study Group endorses the use of ICP monitors in patients with a high risk of ICH, including nontransplant candidates who have increased likelihood of spontaneous survival.During assessment of cerebral autoregulation, it is assumed that cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen remains constant so that the arteriojugular oxygen content difference solely reflects CBF. In reality, the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen may vary, and that limits the utility of the jugular bulb in the assessment of CBF autoregulation. Jugular bulb placement may also be used to measure brain cytokine production indicative of an inflammatory response that correlates with the severity of ICP.
In another PALF STUDY27 acute acetaminophen toxicity (14%), metabolic disease (10%), autoimmune liver disease (6%), non-acetaminophen drug-related hepatotoxicity (5%), infections (6%), other diagnosed conditions (10%); 49% were indeterminate are main causes of acute liver failure. Outcome varied between patient sub-groups; 20% with non-acetaminophen ALF died or underwent liver transplantation and never had clinical encephalopathy. Clinical encephalopathy may not be present in children. The high percentage of indeterminate cases provides an opportunity for investigation.
In a patient with ALF, correction of the INR to a level that is considered normal is not required for prophylactic purposes and it is likely unobtainable.29
In a study by Schaefer B superior efficacy of combined PE plasma exchange /HD haemodialysis as compared to intermittent MARS therapy for treating ALF in children .31
Continuous renal replacement therapy could potentially help support patients until liver transplantation is performed or liver regeneration occurs. In another PALF STUDY27 acute acetaminophen toxicity (14%), metabolic disease (10%), autoimmune liver disease (6%), non-acetaminophen drug-related hepatotoxicity (5%), infections (6%), other diagnosed conditions (10%); 49% were indeterminate are main causes of acute liver failure. Outcome varied between patient sub-groups; 20% with non-acetaminophen ALF died or underwent liver transplantation and never had clinical encephalopathy. Clinical encephalopathy may not be present in children. The high percentage of indeterminate cases provides an opportunity for investigation.In a patient with ALF, correction of the INR to a level that is considered normal is not required for prophylactic purposes and it is likely unobtainable.29
Pretransplant bilirubin and INR were not significant predictors of posttransplant survival after controlling for the other significant factors. Living donor and split / reduced grafts did not have a significantly increased risk of posttransplant death compared to whole grafts. In conclusion, despite advances in the surgical techniques and changes in organ allocation, pediatric patients with FHF continue to have a high pretransplant mortality and less successful posttransplant survival compared to children with chronic liver disease.30 New hopes for the future include extracorporeal liver support devices (the molecular adsorbent recirculating system [MARS®] and Prometheus®), hepatocyte transplantation, liver-directed gene therapy, genetically engineered enzymes, and therapeutic modalities targeting fibrogenesis. Hepapoietin, a naturally occurring cytokine that promotes hepatocyte growth, is under extensive research.In a study by Schaefer B superior efficacy of combined PE plasma exchange /HD haemodialysis as compared to intermittent MARS therapy for treating ALF in children .31 Continuous renal replacement therapy could potentially help support patients until liver transplantation is performed or liver regeneration occurs.
The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS or albumin dialysis) is the liver support system most frequently used worldwide in adults and appears to offer distinct advantages over hepatocyte-based systems. There are no specific medical therapies or devices that can correct all of the functions of the liver. Apart from a few metabolic diseases presenting with severe liver dysfunction for which specific medical therapies may preclude the need for liver transplantation, liver transplantation still remains the only definitive therapy in most instances of end-stage chronic liver disease and acute liver failure. The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) has been proposed as a bridging procedure. Application of the MARS liver support device in combination with experienced ICU management contributed to improve the clinical status in children with PALF awaiting liver transplantation.Although there are no controlled studies showing an impact on survival, MARS could be used to stabilize patients while they await a liver allograft. It could potentially enlarge the window for liver transplantationand in some may even help avoid the procedure.33The extracorporeal liver assist device (ELAD) incorporated a hollow fiber bioreactor loaded with human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cell line, Device caused a decline in serum bilirubin and arterial ammonia levels, but there was no effect on survival.34 In a large, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of patients with ALFor primary nonfunction of liver allograft, HepatAssist showed no overall benefit in survival 35
Despite recent advances and promising results in children, liver cell transplantation (LCT) should still be regarded as an experimental therapy.
Several detoxification and BAL support systems have been developed to serve as a bridge to transplantation or to spontaneous recovery. However, such systems lack sufficient reliability and efficacy to be applied routinely in clinical practice. Hepatocyte and stem cell transplantation may provide valuable adjunctive therapy in the future.3Studies examining the effect of prophylactic anticonvulsants have remained inconclusive21
There is no role for prophylactic hyperventilation in patients with ALF.22 Hyperventilation is likely best used as short-term rescue therapy.Hypothermia could be induced by external cooling blankets, intravascular cooling devices, and body suits with monitoring of core body temperatures via a rectal or intravascular thermometer. A paralytic agent or a deep sedative may be needed to prevent reflexive shivering. Moderate hypothermia needs to be used cautiously in view of the potential risks including cardiac arrhythmias, coagulopathy, hypotension, and impaired liver regeneration. Mild hypothermia (core temperature of 34°C–35°C) may also be beneficial with a lesser likelihood of adverse Effects24
In PALF Study Group Spontaneous survival in these young infants was 59.5%, higher than the 24% previously reported in children aged <1 year.25,26
Older children have 79% spontaneous survival rate in ALF.27 Young infants undergoing liver transplantation have prolonged hospitalization, longer intensive care unit stays, and longer need for ventilation compared with older recipients.28
In addition, young infants have high reoperation rates for bleeding, sepsis, and wound and biliary complications.28 Nevertheless, young infants undergoing liver transplantation have good overall graft survival (76.1%) and patient survival (87.8%) at 1 year, statistically similar to those for older children
Short version : Review & Analysis of outcome in liver failure .
FOR COMPLETE ARTICLE WITH REFRENCES E-MAIL : pedgihep@yahoo.com
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IAP Nagpur in association with MDSG INDIA, Metabolic disease study group of India invites you for CME : MDSGCON 2013.
DATE: 12 MAY 2013
VENUE: IMA HALL, NAGPUR.
METABOLIC SUB -SPECIES: Hepato-Metabolic & Neuro-Metabolic.
Faculty: DR.Vidyut Bhatia, Dr.Yogesh waikar, Dr.Lokesh Lingappa.
Program: …